Как происходило становление географии как науки в 18-19 веках?

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17в.- Экспедиция Хабарова на Восток в приамурье.

1648г.- Семён Дежнев: крайняя восточная точка.

1739г.- Создание географического департамента при академии наук. Цель: собрать и описать научные коллекции.

Большое влияние оказала Великая Северная Экспедиция – первая Камчатская Экспедиция (по приказу Петра Первого). Руководители: Беринг и Чириков). 1-ая цель – плыть от Камчатки к Северу и определить соединяется ли Россия с Америкой. Есть пролив, Беринг достиг побережья Аляски. 1741г.- Чириков первым из европейцев посетил северо-западные берега Америки., открыл Алиутские острова.

2-ая цель – описание берега Сев.-Лед. Океана и нанесение берегов на карту.

Открыта Северная точка Азии – мыс Челюскина.

На карту нанесены: Сибирь, море Лаптевых, берег Прончищева, пролив Малыгина.

18в.- открыта школа физической географии, т.к. собрался материал о районах страны.

1731- Иван Кириллов – описание России.

Ломоносов (1711-1765гг.) – 1758г. – возглавил департамент физической географии. Он писал труды о земных слоях, рельефе, атмосфере, почвах. Труды, касающиеся описания стран. Был материалистом – мир создал не творец, а единый закон.

18в: Академия наук организует экспедиции в Нижний Енисей, Амур, Алтай, Иран.

1803-1806: первое кругосветное плавание Крузенштерна. До 1880г.: 28 круг. И 14 полукруг. плаваний.

1820г.- Лазарев и Беллинсгаузен открыли Антарктиду. 1800г.- департамент физической географии закрыт.

1845г.- в России организовано географическое общество – просветительская и экспедиционная деятельность. Возглавил её Семёнов-Тян-Шанский.

А.Гумбальдт (1769-1859) – немецкий путешественник и мыслитель. Труд «Космос». 1799-1804гг.: экспедиция в Южную Америку. Изучал там растительность. Заложил основы биогеографии. Первым составил карту изотерм. Рассматривал природу как целое.

Семёнов-Тян-Шанский (1873-1914гг): руководитель географического общества. Создаёт первую географическую научную школу. Разрабатывал экспедиционные карты.

В.В.Докучаев (1846-1903) – теоретик и практик(почвовед) одновременно.

1) концепция единой цельной природы.

2) учение о соотношениях и взаимоотношениях между живой и неживой природой, и между природой и человеком.

3) создание учения о зонах природы.

4) имел много талантливых учеников. Вернадский – один из них.

Образование и учеба

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